Mix the dry ingredients: In a large bowl, whisk together the flour, baking soda, salt, ginger, cinnamon, allspice, and cloves until evenly combined. Set aside.
Cream butter and sugar: In a separate large bowl, beat the softened butter on medium speed for about 1 minute until smooth. Add the brown sugar and molasses and beat until thick and well blended, scraping down the bowl as needed.
Add egg and vanilla: Beat in the egg and vanilla, then mix on high speed for about 2 minutes until the mixture looks smooth and glossy (it may look slightly separated at first—keep mixing).
Combine wet and dry: Add the dry mixture to the wet ingredients and mix on low speed just until combined. Do not overmix. The dough will be thick and slightly sticky.
Divide and chill: Split dough in half, press each half into a flat disc, and wrap tightly in plastic wrap. Refrigerate for at least 3 hours (or up to 3 days). Chilling is required to prevent spreading and improve flavor.
Preheat and prepare: Preheat oven to 350°F (177°C). Line 2–3 large baking sheets with parchment paper or silicone baking mats.
Roll and cut: On a lightly floured surface, roll one dough disc to about 1/4-inch (6 mm) thick. Dip cookie cutters in flour before each cut, then place shapes about 1 inch (2.5 cm) apart on the baking sheets. Gather scraps, reroll, and repeat. Roll and cut the second dough disc the same way.
Bake: Bake 9–10 minutes for standard 4-inch cookies. Smaller shapes bake about 8 minutes; larger shapes may need 11 minutes. Rotate the pan halfway through if your oven has hot spots. Shorter bake time = softer centers; longer bake time = crisper edges.
Cool: Let cookies cool on the baking sheet for 5 minutes, then transfer to a wire rack to cool completely before decorating.
Store: Keep cookies covered at room temperature for up to 1 week to maintain a soft, chewy texture.